INTRODUCTION

God’s prophetic program unfolds in a deliberate, chronological order.
Christ’s return occurs in two phases:
(1) For His Church (Rapture)
(2) With His Church (Second Coming).
The Church is exempt from divine wrath (1 Thess 1:10; 5:9; Rev 3:10).
The culmination of history is our “blessed hope” (Titus 2:13).

I. THE CHURCH AGE (Rev 2–3)

The Church Age initiates the reclaiming of the disinherited nations from Babel (Gen 11; Deut 32:8–9). Pentecost (Acts 2) reverses the confusion of languages, and the global mission of the Church represents the gathering of nations back under Yahweh through the gospel (cf. Acts 2; Matt 28:18–20).

Theological Reversals to Include

Rebellion	Problem Introduced	Reversal Event	Placement in Outline
Genesis 3 (Eden)	Sin and death enter through the serpent	Final defeat of Death & Hades (Rev 20:14); Resurrection (1 Cor 15)	📍 Final Judgment → Eternal State
Genesis 6 (Watchers)	Corruption via fallen sons of God; Nephilim legacy	Fallen angels judged (Jude 6; Rev 9); Satan bound (Rev 20:1–3)	📍 Tribulation (Rev 9) and Millennium entry
Genesis 11 (Babel)	Nations disinherited to lesser elohim (Deut 32:8–9)	Nations regathered (Rev 7:9; 21:24); Fall of Babylon (Rev 17–18)	📍 Mid-Trib (Babylon) → Eternal State

A. Prophetic Profile of the Seven Churches

Church	Name Meaning	Characteristic	Church Age	Key Themes
Ephesus	Desirable	Doctrinally sound, lost love	AD 33–100	First love abandoned
Smyrna	Myrrh	Persecuted, faithful	AD 100–313	Suffering church, no rebuke
Pergamum	Married	Worldly compromise	AD 313–590	Tolerated false teaching
Thyatira	Continual sacrifice	Corruption through idolatry	AD 590–1517	Jezebel, spiritual adultery
Sardis	Remnant	Dead orthodoxy	AD 1517–1750	Spiritually dead, reputation without life
Philadelphia	Brotherly Love	Faithful and missionary-minded	AD 1750–1900	End-time remnant, no rebuke
Laodicea	People ruled	Lukewarm, self-sufficient	AD 1900–Rapture	Lukewarm apostasy, self-deceived

Note: These churches describe literal congregations in John’s day but also outline the spiritual trajectory of church history.

B. General Characteristics of the Church Age

Gospel Proclamation (Matt 28:19–20)
Doctrinal Drift and Apostasy (1 Tim 4:1; 2 Thess 2:3)
Rise of False Teachers (2 Pet 2:1)
Worldliness (Rev 3:17)
Imminency of the Rapture (Titus 2:13)

C. Stage-Setting Signs Indicating the Season

Rebirth of Israel (Ezek 37:21–22; Rom 11:25)
Acceleration of Globalism and Technological Control (Rev 13:16–17)
Moral Decline (2 Tim 3:1–5; Matt 24:37–39)
Apostasy in Christendom (2 Thess 2:3; Rev 3:15–17)
Possible early fulfillment of Gog-Magog invasion (Ezek 38–39), distinct from the final revolt (Rev 20:8–10), potentially triggering Israel’s treaty with the Antichrist (Dan 9:27).

II. THE RAPTURE OF THE CHURCH
(John 14:1–3; 1 Thess 4:13–18; 1 Cor 15:51–53)

A. Sequence of the Rapture Event

Christ descends with a shout (1 Thess 4:16)
Voice of the archangel—possibly Michael (Dan 12:1)
Trumpet of God (1 Cor 15:52)
Dead in Christ rise
Living believers are caught up (ἁρπάζω – harpazō)
Instant glorification (1 Cor 15:51–53)
All believers meet the Lord in the air
Taken to the Father’s house (John 14:2–3)

B. Post-Rapture Events in Heaven

Judgment Seat of Christ (Bema) (2 Cor 5:10; 1 Cor 3:12–15)
Marriage of the Lamb (Rev 19:7–8)
Preparation of the Bride (Rev 19:8; Eph 5:27)
Revelation 4–5 presents the Divine Council courtroom scene (cf. Daniel 7:9–14), where the Lamb is declared worthy to open the scroll and reclaim the nations. This scene fulfills the heavenly trial format: books are opened, thrones are set, and divine authority is confirmed.
Revelation 4–5 depicts heavenly worship of the Lamb prior to the opening of the seals, affirming Christ’s worthiness to initiate judgment.

III. DANIEL’S PROPHETIC FRAMEWORK

A. The Four Beasts and Kingdoms (Dan 7:1–7)

Beast	Kingdom	Description
Lion	Babylon	Noble, swift, exalted
Bear	Medo-Persia	One side stronger, devours much
Leopard	Greece	Swift conquest, 4 heads = Diadochi
Dreadful Beast	Rome	Iron teeth, 10 horns, different from others

B. The Little Horn (Antichrist) (Dan 7:8; Rev 13)

Arises from Rome’s revived empire (10 kings)
Speaks blasphemy (Dan 7:25; Rev 13:5)
Persecutes saints for 3½ years (Dan 7:25; Rev 13:7)

C. Daniel’s 70 Weeks (Dan 9:24–27)

69 Weeks: From decree to rebuild Jerusalem (445 BC) → Messiah cut off
Gap: Church Age (Eph 3:4–6) Prophetic gap between 69th and 70th week
70th Week: 7-year Tribulation: 1,290 and 1,335 days (Dan 12:11–12)
- First Half: Peace treaty (Dan 9:27)
- Midpoint: Abomination of Desolation (Matt 24:15; Dan 9:27; 11:31)
- Second Half: Great Tribulation

IV. THE TRIBULATION (Rev 6–18; Dan 12)

A. First Half (Beginning of Sorrows)

Antichrist rises, enacts peace treaty (Dan 9:27)
Temple rebuilt (Rev 11:1–2)
144,000 sealed (Rev 7:1–8)
Two Witnesses (Rev 11:3–13)
Global religious system rises (Rev 17)

B. Seal Judgments (Rev 6)

Seal	Judgment	Scripture
1st	White Horse – false peace (Antichrist revealed)	Rev 6:1–2
2nd	Red Horse – war	Rev 6:3–4
3rd	Black Horse – famine	Rev 6:5–6
4th	Pale Horse – death of ¼	Rev 6:7–8
5th	Cry of the martyrs	Rev 6:9–11
6th	Cosmic signs, great fear	Rev 6:12–17
7th	Silence in heaven, leads to Trumpets	Rev 8:1

C. Trumpet Judgments (Rev 8–9)

Trumpet	Judgment
1st	Hail & fire – ⅓ trees, grass burned
2nd	Mountain into sea – ⅓ sea to blood
3rd	Wormwood – bitter waters
4th	⅓ of heavenly lights darkened
5th	Demonic locusts from Abyss (5 months) The release from the Abyss (Rev 9) may reflect judgment upon the imprisoned Watchers from Genesis 6. These fallen sons of God, held in chains (Jude 6; 2 Pet 2:4), are allowed limited influence as part of divine judgment upon the earth.
6th	200M horsemen – ⅓ of mankind killed
7th	Kingdom proclamation (Rev 11:15)

V. THE GREAT TRIBULATION (Second Half of the 70th Week)

A. Key Events (Rev 12–18; Matt 24; Dan 11–12)

Abomination of Desolation (Matt 24:15; Dan 11:31)
Global worship of Antichrist (Rev 13)
Antichrist demands worship (2 Thess 2:3–4)
False Prophet arises (Rev 13:11–15)
Mark of the Beast (Rev 13:16–18)
Persecution of saints (Dan 7:21; Rev 12:17; 13:7)
Satan cast to earth and intensifies persecution (Rev 12:7–12)
Remnant of Israel flees and is protected in the wilderness for 1,260 days (Rev 12:6, 14–17; Matt 24:16–21)
- Likely in Petra/Bozrah region (Isa 63:1; Micah 2:12)
- Supernaturally nourished by God
- Represents the believing Jewish remnant who will be saved at Christ’s return (Zech 13:8–9; Rom 11:26
Economic coercion: no buying/selling without the mark

B. Bowl Judgments (Rev 16)

Bowl	Description
1st	Malignant sores on followers of the Beast
2nd	Sea becomes blood – all sea life dies
3rd	Rivers and springs to blood
4th	Intense sun scorches men
5th	Darkness and pain on Beast’s kingdom
6th	Euphrates dried for kings of the East
7th	Earthquake, hailstones, cities collapse

C. Mystery Babylon Judged (Rev 17–18)

The fall of Ecclesiastical and Commercial Babylon (Rev 17–18) represents the dismantling of the spiritual power structure established at Babel (Gen 11). The Beast system mirrors the corrupted cosmic geography of Babel, which is now judged.

Religious Babylon destroyed by Antichrist
Commercial Babylon destroyed by divine wrath

VI. ARMAGEDDON CAMPAIGN (Rev 16:16; 19:11–21)

Psalm 82 is fulfilled in the final judgment of the rebellious gods of the nations. “Arise, O God, judge the earth! For You will inherit all the nations” (Ps 82:8). This climactic event is not just geopolitical—it is cosmic. The divine beings who ruled unjustly are disinherited and destroyed (cf. Rev 19:17–21).

A. Chronological Stages

Armies gathered (Rev 16:13–16)
Jerusalem besieged (Zech 12:2–3; 14:1–2)
Christ comes to Bozrah (Isa 63:1–6)
Deliverance of Jerusalem (Zech 14:3–5)
Destruction at Jezreel/Megiddo (Rev 19:11–21)
Beast & False Prophet cast into Lake of Fire (Rev 19:20)
Satan bound for 1,000 years (Rev 20:1–3)

B. The 75-Day Interval (Dan 12:11–12)

30 extra days (1,290 total): Purging and preparation after the end of the 1,260-day Great Tribulation.
45 additional days (1,335 total): Transition and blessing for those entering the Millennial Kingdom.

A. Key Events in Order

The Beast (Antichrist) and False Prophet cast into the Lake of Fire (Rev 19:20)
Satan bound in the abyss for 1,000 years (Rev 20:1–3)
Judgment of the Nations (Sheep and Goats) (Matt 25:31–46)
- Surviving Gentiles sorted based on treatment of Christ’s brethren (Israel)
- Sheep enter Kingdom; goats cast into eternal punishment
Purging of Israel’s rebels (Ezek 20:34–38)
Resurrection of Old Testament Saints (Dan 12:2; Isa 26:19)
Resurrection of Tribulation Saints (Rev 20:4)
National Repentance and Regathering of Israel (Zech 12:10; Matt 24:31; Rom 11:26)
Twelve Apostles sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes (Matt 19:28)
Inauguration of the Millennial Kingdom (Dan 12:12)

VII. THE MILLENNIAL KINGDOM (Rev 20:1–6; Isa 2, 11; Ezek 40–48)

The glorified saints (resurrected believers) rule with Christ as His co-regents (Rev 20:4; Dan 7:27), forming the reconstituted Divine Council. This fulfills God’s intention that humanity would bear His image and share dominion over the earth (cf. Gen 1:26; 1 Cor 6:3).

With Satan bound and the nations under Messiah’s rule, the earth returns to sacred space—a new Edenic reality where divine order is restored (cf. Zech 14:9; Isa 11:6–9).

A. Participants

Resurrected saints co-reign with Christ, governing cities and nations (Luke 19:17–19; 1 Cor 6:2)

Church Saints (Rev 19:14)
OT Saints (Dan 12:2)
Tribulation Martyrs (Rev 20:4)
Surviving believers (Matt 25; Zech 13:9)

B. Features of the Kingdom

Marriage Supper of the Lamb inaugurates the Kingdom
Messiah rules from Jerusalem (Isa 2:3; Zech 14:9)
Fulfillment of Abrahamic, Davidic, and New Covenants
Peace, longevity, prosperity (Isa 11:6–9; 65:20–25)
Satan is bound (Rev 20:2)
Temple worship reestablished (Ezek 40–48)
- Zadokite priesthood officiates (Ezek 44:15–31)
- Sacrifices are commemorative (Ezek 43:18–27)
Memorial sacrifices offered (Ezek 43:18–27)
Children born to mortals
- Unbelievers judged at 100 years old (Isa 65:20)

VIII. FINAL REBELLION & JUDGMENT (Rev 20:7–15)

A. Satan’s Release & Final Revolt

Satan released (Rev 20:7–8)
Nations deceived – Gog & Magog
Fire from heaven destroys rebellion (Rev 20:9)
Satan cast into Lake of Fire forever (Rev 20:10)

B. Great White Throne Judgment

All unbelievers resurrected (Dan 12:2; Rev 20:11–13)
Judged by works; not found in Book of Life (Rev 20:15)
Cast into eternal punishment
The final defeat of Death and Hades (Rev 20:14) completes the reversal of Eden’s curse (Gen 3:17–19). The serpent is crushed, death is abolished (1 Cor 15:24–26), and all that opposed God’s kingdom is cast into the Lake of Fire.

IX. THE ETERNAL STATE (Rev 21–22)

Eden is fully restored. The Tree of Life reappears (Rev 22:2), the nations walk in the light of God (Rev 21:24), and the curse is gone (Rev 22:3). The fragmentation caused by Babel is reversed as the redeemed of every tribe and tongue dwell together in sacred space.

A. New Heavens and New Earth (Rev 21:1)

New heavens and new earth (Rev 21:1)
No more death, sin, or curse (Rev 21:4; 22:3)
New Jerusalem: Bride, city, and dwelling place of God
Believers see His face and serve Him forever (Rev 22:3–5)

B. Everlasting Life with God

Access to Tree of Life (Rev 22:2)
Service and worship eternally (Rev 22:3–5)
Eternal reign of the saints (Rev 22:5)

“Heavenly Council Timeline”

Phase	Event	Texts
Church Age	Church replaces Babel’s chaos with gospel order	Acts 2; Deut 32:8–9
Tribulation	Demonic forces judged; Abyss opened	Rev 9; Jude 6; Gen 6
Second Coming	Divine Council ruled against (Ps 82); Messiah takes reign	Ps 82; Rev 19; Dan 7
Millennial Kingdom	Believers reign with Christ as Divine Council	Rev 20:4; Dan 7:27; 1 Cor 6:3
Eternal State	Full restoration of Eden and divine-human unity	Rev 21–22; Gen 1–2

End Times Chronology Narrative

Introduction

For Christians who hold a dispensational, pre-tribulational premillennial view of Bible prophecy, the end of the world is not a sequence of random apocalyptic events but a carefully ordered plan revealed in Scripture. Rather than a source of fear, the culmination of history is a blessed hope – indeed “something we actually look forward to,” because God has promised that the end of this age will mark “the beginning of a new, glorious [age] in which we will serve and worship Him in sinless perfection” (MacArthur, 2007, p. 7) . According to this framework, God’s prophetic program will resume focus on Israel after the Church era, and Jesus Christ will return in two distinct phases: first for His Church (to rescue them from wrath before the Tribulation), and later with His Church (to establish His Kingdom on earth). Each major event – from the current Church Age, to the Rapture, Tribulation, Second Coming, Millennial Kingdom, and finally the Eternal State – unfolds in a precise order. What follows is a narrative chronology of these end-time events, with clear explanations, key Scripture support, and insights from respected scholars.

(Note: All Scripture quotations are from the Legacy Standard Bible. Emphases in quotes are added for clarity.)

Pre-Tribulational Events: Stage-Setting in the

Church Age

The Bible indicates that the current era – often called the Church Age – will continue until Christ suddenly removes His Church. This present age is characterized by both worldwide gospel proclamation (Matthew 28:19–20) and a growing apostasy as the end draws near (1 Timothy 4:1). No specific prophetic sign must occur before the next event (the Rapture); it is an imminent event that could happen at any moment. Nevertheless, students of prophecy note several stage-setting developments consistent with end-time predictions that suggest the season may be approaching (cf. Matthew 24:32–33):

Rebirth of Israel as a Nation (1948): After centuries of exile, Israel’s re-establishment as a sovereign nation is highly significant in light of prophecies that Israel would be regathered in unbelief before eventually being spiritually saved in the end times (Ezekiel 37:1–14, 37:21–22; cf. Romans 11:25–27). The coming Tribulation is called “the time of Jacob’s trouble” (Jeremiah 30:7), indicating its focus on Israel. Thus, Israel needed to exist again as a nation for end-time events – such as the Antichrist’s covenant with Israel (Daniel 9:27) and the rebuilding of the Jewish Temple (2 Thessalonians 2:3–4) – to occur. As one scholar observed, that nation has indeed been brought back into its land “although in unbelief, to await the beginning of the seventieth week [of Daniel] after the translation of the Church” (Pentecost, 1958, p. 322). God’s regathering of Israel in 1948 set the stage for the eventual fulfillment of all His covenant promises to Israel in the Messianic Kingdom (Isaiah 11:11–12).
Acceleration of Globalism and Moral Decline: Scripture predicts that the last days will see surging lawlessness and “perilous times” (2 Timothy 3:1–5) alongside trends toward centralized global governance and economic control (cf. Revelation 13:7, 16–17). While the full realization of these awaits the Tribulation under Antichrist, present developments foreshadow them: increasingly globalized political institutions, talk of one-world government, and technologies that could enable the mark-of-the-beast system. Jesus said the days before His coming would be “like the days of Noah” (Matthew 24:37–39) – marked by violence and corruption – and “like the days of Lot” (Luke 17:28–30) – marked by rampant immorality. Such conditions are plainly evident today, suggesting the world is ripening for judgment .
Apostasy in Christendom: The New Testament warns that as the end approaches, false teachings and a general falling away (apostasy) from the true faith will proliferate (1 Timothy 4:1; 2 Timothy 4:3–4; 2 Peter 2:1). Paul predicts a great “rebellion” (Gk. apostasia) preceding the Day of the Lord (2 Thessalonians 2:3). Many churches in our time have abandoned sound doctrine, embracing worldly philosophies or distortion of the gospel. This drift toward a lukewarm, self-sufficient form of “religion” (like the Laodicean church of Revelation 3:15–17) creates the spiritual climate expected at the end of the age. Some interpreters even view the seven churches of Revelation 2–3 as prophetic of successive eras of church history, culminating in a final Laodicean-age church marked by lukewarm faith and self-deception (Larkin, 1918, chart; Rhodes, 2012, pp. 180–182). In any case, “the Spirit explicitly says that in later times some will fall away” (1 Timothy 4:1), and we are witnessing that falling away in many quarters of Christendom.

Importantly, the Rapture remains signless and could happen at any time, so believers must live in constant expectancy (Philippians 3:20; Titus 2:13). No specific prophecy needs fulfillment before Christ comes for His Church. However, the convergence of conditions like those above – along with others such as serious talk of rebuilding a Jewish Temple and emerging geopolitical alignments reminiscent of the Gog-Magog scenario in Ezekiel 38–39 – are seen by many as harbingers that “the day is approaching” (Hebrews 10:25). Jesus rebuked the people of His day for not discerning the “signs of the times” (Matthew 16:1–3). While the Rapture itself has no explicit sign, the general end-time season can be recognized by those who are alert to Scripture’s warnings. As Dr. John Walvoord counseled, our attitude should be one of eager anticipation of Christ’s any-moment return, knowing that “the only way one could be kept from that day of wrath would be to be delivered beforehand” (Walvoord, n.d., para. 6) . In other words, Jesus may come today – and only a pre-tribulational hope allows us to say that with full honesty and joy (Hitchcock, 2011, p. 29) . We live in that expectant hope, purifying our lives in light of His imminent appearing (1 John 3:3).

The Rapture of the Church

The Rapture is the pivotal next event in God’s prophetic timetable. The term “rapture” comes from the Latin rapturo(translating the Greek harpazō, “caught up”) found in 1 Thessalonians 4:17. It refers to Christ’s coming in the air to instantly resurrect deceased believers and to translate living believers into His presence. The classic Rapture passage is 1 Thessalonians 4:13–18, where Paul comforts believers that “the Lord Himself will descend from heaven with a shout… and the dead in Christ will rise first. Then we who are alive and remain will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air” (1 Thess. 4:16–17). In a moment, “in the twinkling of an eye,” mortal bodies of living Christians will be transformed into immortal, glorified bodies (1 Corinthians 15:51–53). Jesus Himself hinted at this event, promising “I will come again and receive you to Myself” so that believers may dwell with Him in the Father’s house (John 14:2–3). Thus, at the Rapture, Christ comes for His saints, gathering His bride, the Church, to be with Him forever (cf. 1 Thess. 4:17b–18).

Pre-Tribulational Timing: In the dispensational chronology, the Rapture occurs before the seven-year Tribulation begins (hence the term “pre-tribulational” rapture). Scripture promises the Church deliverance from the coming wrath: believers “wait for [God’s] Son from heaven… who rescues us from the wrath to come” (1 Thess. 1:10), and Jesus assured the faithful church of Philadelphia, “I also will keep you from the hour of testing… which is about to come upon the whole world” (Rev. 3:10). We are “not destined for wrath, but for obtaining salvation” through Christ (1 Thess. 5:9). Pre-trib scholars point out that the entire Tribulation period – not just a part of it – is described as a time of God’s wrath and judgment on a rebellious world (Rev. 6:16–17, 14:10). Therefore, it would be fitting for Christ’s beloved bride (the Church) to be removed from earth before that wrath begins. Dr. John Walvoord argues that this is the only scenario consistent with Jesus’ promise of deliverance: “The only way one could be kept from that day of wrath would be to be delivered beforehand” (Walvoord, n.d., para. 6) . Furthermore, the silence about the Church in Revelation chapters 4–18, which describe the Tribulation judgments, is telling. In Revelation 1–3, the word “church” is mentioned 19 times; but from chapter 4 onward – when the end-time judgments unfold – the Church is never mentioned on earth . Instead, Israel and Gentile nations become the focus. This supports the view that the Church is in heaven during that period. As Dr. Mark Hitchcock observes, “The Rapture is an imminent, signless event that could occur at any moment; whereas the Second Coming will be preceded by all kinds of signs” (Hitchcock, 2012, p. 145). In other words, Christ’s coming for His Church is distinct from His coming in glory at the end of the Tribulation. At the Rapture, Jesus comes for believers (in the air); at the Second Coming, He comes with believers (to the earth) . At the Rapture, only believers will see Him (it happens “in the twinkling of an eye,” 1 Cor. 15:52); at the Second Coming, “every eye will see Him” (Rev. 1:7). Such differences underscore a two-stage coming of Christ. As Dr. Hitchcock succinctly puts it, “Only those who believe in a pre-trib Rapture can honestly say, ‘Jesus may come today.’” We live in that blessed hope (Titus 2:13), looking for our Lord’s any-moment return.

The Rapture Event Described: At an unexpected moment, the Lord Jesus will descend from heaven with a commanding shout and the trumpet of God (1 Thess. 4:16). Immediately, “the dead in Christ will rise” – meaning allbelievers who have died during the Church Age will be raised in incorruptible bodies (1 Cor. 15:52). Then “we who are alive and remain will be caught up… in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air” (1 Thess. 4:17). Living believers will be “changed” instantaneously, their mortal bodies transformed into immortal, glorified bodies (1 Cor. 15:51–53). In that glorious reunion, “we shall always be with the Lord” (1 Thess. 4:17). Christ takes His Church to the Father’s house in heaven (John 14:2–3), thereby rescuing them from the coming hour of trial on earth. While on earth a time of judgment begins, in heaven the Church will experience wonderful events:

The Judgment Seat of Christ (Bema): In the immediate aftermath of the Rapture, believers will stand before Christ in heaven to have their works evaluated for reward (2 Corinthians 5:10, Romans 14:10–12). This judgment is for Church-age believers only (each one already securely resurrected and glorified). It is not punitive for sin (Christ bore our sins), but rather an awards ceremony, as faithful service is rewarded (1 Cor. 3:12–15). Crowns or other rewards are given to honor what was done for Christ. Notably, this Bema Seat judgment is never mentioned in descriptions of Christ’s Second Coming to earth, implying it occurs in the interval when the Church is with Christ in heaven (Hitchcock, 2011, p. 18) .
The Marriage of the Lamb: Scripture portrays the Church as the beloved bride of Christ (Eph. 5:25–27). In Revelation 19:7–8, “the marriage of the Lamb” is depicted as having taken place in heaven, “and His bride has made herself ready.” Clothed in “fine linen, bright and clean,” which represents the righteous deeds of the saints, the Church is presented in purity. This suggests that by the time Christ is ready to return in Revelation 19, the Church has been raptured, evaluated (rewarded), and prepared as a bride. Indeed, Revelation 19:14 then shows the armies of heaven clothed in fine linen following Christ back to earth – a picture of the glorified Church returning with Him. For the bride to be ready and following Christ out of heaven, she must have been taken to heaven prior to His Second Coming .

In summary, the Rapture is portrayed as a joyous rescue and reunion: “the Lord Himself” coming for His Church, uniting believers (resurrected dead and transformed living) with Himself eternally. This event is truly the “blessed hope” of the Church (Titus 2:13). It will instantaneously translate the global body of Christ from mortal life on earth to immortal life in heaven. The stage will then be set for God to resume His plan with Israel and the nations in the period that follows.

Daniel’s Prophetic Framework

Before examining the Tribulation itself, it is helpful to understand the prophetic framework provided in the Book of Daniel. Daniel’s visions (in Daniel chapters 2, 7, and 9) outline the flow of Gentile world kingdoms and the timeline for God’s dealings with Israel – providing a skeleton on which end-times events hang.

Gentile Kingdoms and the “Little Horn”: In Daniel 7, the prophet sees a vision of four beasts representing four empires that would dominate the world (Dan. 7:1–7). These correspond to the successive kingdoms also depicted by the statue in Nebuchadnezzar’s dream (Daniel 2:36–45). The four beasts are: (1) a lion with eagle’s wings (Babylonian Empire), (2) a bear raised on one side (Medo-Persian Empire), (3) a four-headed leopard (Greek Empire under Alexander and his four successor generals), and (4) a dreadful, ten-horned beast (Roman Empire) . The fourth beast is said to be different from the others and exceedingly powerful, and its ten horns represent ten kings. Out of the Roman beast, Daniel sees a “little horn” arise – a ruler who speaks boastfully and persecutes God’s people (Dan. 7:8, 7:21–25). This “little horn” is a prophetic foreshadowing of the end-times Antichrist. He will emerge from a revived form of the Roman realm (a confederation of ten kings), will blaspheme God, and will oppress the saints for “a time, times, and half a time” (three and a half years) (Dan. 7:24–25; cf. Rev. 13:5–7) . In the end, this arrogant ruler will be destroyed by the coming of the divine Son of Man (Dan. 7:11, 7:26–27). Daniel’s vision thus establishes that a final evil kingdom (linked to Rome) and ruler will dominate the world immediately before God’s kingdom is established. This correlates to what Revelation later describes regarding the beast (Antichrist) and his ten-king alliance (Rev. 13:1; 17:12–14).

Daniel’s 70 Weeks Prophecy: In Daniel 9:24–27, the angel Gabriel delivers a timeline prophecy for Israel. He declares that 70 “weeks” (units of seven years) have been decreed for the fulfillment of God’s plan for Israel and Jerusalem – to finish transgressions, atone for sin, bring in everlasting righteousness, etc. These seventy weeks (totaling 490 years) begin with a decree to rebuild Jerusalem (Daniel 9:25). Gabriel explains that after 69 weeks (483 years) from that starting point, “Messiah the Prince” would come, but then be “cut off” (an apparent reference to the crucifixion of Christ, which indeed occurred after the prophesied 483-year interval) . After Messiah’s death, Jerusalem would again be destroyed (Dan. 9:26 – fulfilled by the Romans in A.D. 70). Then the prophecy speaks of one final “week” of seven years yet to come (the 70th week), during which a “prince” will make (and then break) a covenant with Israel and set up the abomination of desolation (Dan. 9:27). We thus understand that there is a prophetic gap between the 69th and 70th weeks – a gap which coincides with the Church Age (a mystery not revealed in the Old Testament; cf. Eph. 3:4–6). During this gap, Israel’s prophetic clock is paused while the gospel goes to all nations. The 70th week of Daniel – the final seven-year period – is yet future and corresponds to the coming Tribulation. It will begin with a treaty (made by the end-times “prince” or Antichrist), reach a crisis at its midpoint (when the Antichrist breaks the covenant and desecrates the Temple), and culminate in great tribulation and judgment . Daniel 9:27 summarizes this: “he [the prince] will make a firm covenant with the many for one week, but in the middle of the week he will put a stop to sacrifice… and on the wing of abominations will come one who makes desolate.” Jesus later cited this verse, warning that “when you see the abomination of desolation… standing in the holy place” (at the midpoint), then there will be “great tribulation” (Matt. 24:15, 21).

In short, Daniel’s prophecies forecast a sequence of gentile empires climaxing in a revived Roman coalition ruled by the Antichrist, and they allocate a specific seven-year timeframe (Daniel’s 70th week) for the intense events of the end. With this framework in mind, we turn to the drama of that final seven-year Tribulation period.

The Tribulation (Seven-Year “Seventieth Week” of Daniel)

After the Rapture, the world will enter a period of unprecedented turmoil and judgment known as the Tribulation. This future seven-year period will be a time of “great tribulation, such as has not occurred since the beginning of the world until now, nor ever will” (Matthew 24:21). It is often divided into two halves of 3½ years each (Daniel 9:27; Revelation 11:2–3), with the latter half specifically called “the Great Tribulation” for its extreme severity (Matt. 24:21). The concept of a final seven-year period derives from Daniel’s prophecy of the 70 weeks (Dan. 9:24–27) discussed above – the last “week” of years set apart as the climax of history for Israel and the nations. During this time, a false “prince” (Antichrist) will rise to power, make and then break a covenant with Israel, and a series of divine judgments will devastate the earth, leading up to Christ’s return . In essence, the Tribulation is understood to be that 70th week of Daniel, when God’s prophetic program for Israel and the Gentile nations resumes after the Church Age.

Purpose and Character of the Tribulation: Why will God ordain such an intense period of suffering on the earth? Scripture reveals two primary purposes for the Tribulation: (1) to bring Israel to repentance and salvation, preparing the nation to receive her Messiah and the covenant blessings, and (2) to execute judgment on the unbelieving nations of the world. Dr. J. Dwight Pentecost summarizes: “The first great purpose of the tribulation is to prepare the nation Israel for her Messiah… The second great purpose of the tribulation is to pour out judgment on unbelieving man and nations.”(Pentecost, 1958, pp. 236–237). Indeed, the prophet Jeremiah also described this time as “the time of Jacob’s distress, but he will be saved out of it” (Jer. 30:7). Zechariah 13:8–9 prophesies that in this refining fire, two-thirds in Israel will perish but one-third will be purified and “call on [God’s] name.” By the end of the Tribulation “all Israel will be saved”(Romans 11:26). Thus, Israel as a nation will finally recognize Jesus as their Messiah during this period. At the same time, the hardened Gentile nations will drink the full cup of God’s wrath: “Behold, the LORD lays the earth waste…” and “will punish the world for its evil” (Isaiah 24:1; 13:11). Revelation 14:19–20 and 16:1 depict God’s anger poured out on the kingdom of the beast. In Scripture, terms like wrath, judgment, indignation, trial, trouble, and destruction are repeatedly used to describe this period, underscoring its nature as divine punishment of a Christ-rejecting world (Isaiah 13:9; 24:19–21; 1 Thess. 5:2–3). Crucially, as noted earlier, the Church is promised rescue from this time of wrath – having been removed in the Rapture (1 Thess. 1:10, 5:9, Rev. 3:10). The Tribulation primarily concerns Israel and the Gentile nations rather than the Church . It will complete the purging and restoration of Israel, and break the power of the Gentile kingdoms, paving the way for Christ’s millennial reign.

Chronology of Tribulation Events

The Tribulation begins when the Antichrist brokers a strong covenant with Israel for seven years (Dan. 9:27). This likely involves some promise of peace or security, possibly allowing Israel to rebuild their Temple and reinstitute sacrifices. This event starts Daniel’s 70th week ticking. Initially, things may appear calm or hopeful due to the Antichrist’s rise as a charismatic world leader promising peace. Jesus referred to the first half as “the beginning of sorrows” – marked by false messiahs, wars, famines, and earthquakes, yet not the end (Matt. 24:4–8). Key happenings in the First Half (Years 1–3½) include:

Rise of Antichrist’s Power: The Antichrist (the “beast” of Revelation 13) will initially come as a peacemaker. He likely emerges from a revived Roman-based power bloc (a confederation of 10 nations or leaders) (Dan. 7:24, Rev. 17:12–13). He will skillfully gain influence over the ten, perhaps after subduing some opposition (Dan. 7:8). At the start he makes a “firm covenant” with Israel (Dan. 9:27), presumably resolving a major Middle East issue. Many see this as a diplomatic masterstroke that wins him global acclaim.
Jewish Temple Rebuilt: Scripture implies that Jewish Temple worship will be reestablished during the Tribulation, because at the midpoint Antichrist will halt sacrifices and commit the “abomination of desolation” in the holy place (Dan. 9:27; Matt. 24:15; 2 Thess. 2:4). Thus, in the first half the Jews will rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem and resume sacrificial rituals (Rev. 11:1–2 speaks of the Tribulation temple). This significant development likely comes about under the protection of Antichrist’s covenant.
The Ministry of the Two Witnesses: God will raise up two special prophetic witnesses who will preach in Jerusalem during 1,260 days (the length of half the week) (Rev. 11:3). Clothed in sackcloth, they will prophesy and perform miracles reminiscent of Moses and Elijah (calling down fire, stopping rain, turning waters to blood – Rev. 11:5–6). They serve as God’s emissaries, warning the world and calling for repentance. Many will hate them for tormenting the ungodly with plagues. The beast (Antichrist) will eventually kill them at the midpoint, but God will resurrect them and catch them up to heaven in view of all (Rev. 11:7–13). Their ministry in the first half is a major testimony of God’s truth amid rising darkness.
144,000 Jews Sealed: Revelation 7:1–8 describes 144,000 servants of God – 12,000 from each tribe of Israel – who are “sealed” on their foreheads, signifying divine protection and ownership. These may be evangelists who spread the gospel globally during the Tribulation’s first half, reaping a great harvest of souls (cf. Rev. 7:9, where a multitude from every nation is saved). In a sense, God will commission Israel (through these 144,000 Jewish believers) to be a light to the nations, picking up the mantle the Church held before the Rapture. Despite Antichrist’s regime, the gospel of the Kingdom will be preached worldwide (Matt. 24:14).
The Emergence of a False World Religion: In the early Tribulation, a powerful religious system will arise, symbolized in Revelation 17 as a harlot riding the beast. This Mystery “Babylon” is a global religious network uniting people under a false spirituality or ecumenical faith (Rev. 17:1–6). It likely promotes worship of the beast in a deceptive form. The Antichrist initially tolerates or even uses this religious system to consolidate power. Revelation describes her as “drunk with the blood of the saints”, indicating this false church will persecute true believers. Midway through the Tribulation, however, the Antichrist will turn on this harlot and destroy her, so that he alone will be the object of worship (Rev. 17:16–17). Thus, the first half features an apostate global “church” which is judged as Antichrist asserts himself as god.

Meanwhile, as these events unfold, God’s judgments begin to fall in a series of catastrophes that grow in intensity. In Revelation, Jesus – depicted as the Lamb – opens a scroll sealed with seven seals, each seal unleashing a new judgment (Rev. 6). These Seven Seal Judgments largely transpire in the first half of the Tribulation, representing the outset of God’s wrath. They are described in Revelation 6 (and the 7th in Rev. 8:1) as follows:

Seal	Judgment Description	Scripture
1st	Rider on a white horse – false peace (the Antichrist revealed as a deceiver conquering without war)	Rev. 6:1–2
2nd	Rider on a red horse – war (peace removed, outbreak of worldwide war)	Rev. 6:3–4
3rd	Rider on a black horse – famine (scarcity and hyperinflation of food prices)	Rev. 6:5–6
4th	Rider on a pale horse – death to 1/4 of earth (by sword, famine, pestilence, wild beasts)	Rev. 6:7–8
5th	Souls of martyrs crying out for justice (those killed for the Word of God)	Rev. 6:9–11
6th	Great earthquake; sun turns black, moon bloodred; stars (meteors) fall; sky splits – global terror	Rev. 6:12–17
7th	Silence in heaven (a solemn pause) leading to the next wave of judgments (the trumpets)	Rev. 8:1

The first four seals (the so-called “Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse”) devastate the earth with human violence and natural disaster. By the fourth seal, a quarter of the world’s population dies. The fifth seal indicates intense persecution of those who turn to Christ. The sixth seal brings cosmic upheaval so frightening that people of earth hide in caves, recognizing the “great day of [God’s] wrath” has come (Rev. 6:17). These judgments, occurring early on, shatter any illusion of peace under Antichrist’s reign. The world will be in chaos – war, famine, disease, and calamities decimating populations.

As the mid-point of the seven years approaches, several pivotal events occur:

Midpoint Crisis – The Abomination of Desolation: At the exact middle (3½ years in), Antichrist will dramatically break his covenant with Israel. In Jerusalem, he will enter the Jewish Temple, stop the sacrifices, and set up an idolatrous image of himself, proclaiming himself to be God (2 Thess. 2:3–4; Dan. 9:27b; Rev. 13:14–15). This act is “the abomination of desolation” spoken of by the prophet Daniel (Matt. 24:15, Dan. 11:31). Jesus warned that when this occurs, those in Judea must flee immediately to the mountains, for a time of unmatched tribulation will follow (Matt. 24:16–21). The Antichrist, now indwelt or empowered by Satan (Rev. 13:2), will demand the world’s worship. He will also unleash a great persecution against anyone who refuses to worship him or take his mark. Revelation 13 reveals that a False Prophet figure will enforce the worship of the beast and institute a system requiring all people to receive a mark on their right hand or forehead – the mark of the beast – in order to buy or sell (Rev. 13:15–17). Those who refuse (essentially all believers) will be targeted for death. Many tribulation saints (people who come to faith after the Rapture) will be martyred during this period (Rev. 13:7, 20:4). It truly becomes “great tribulation”. Yet, even in these dark days, the gospel will continue to go forth – even supernaturally, as Revelation 14:6–7 describes an angel flying in midheaven preaching the everlasting gospel to all nations. God’s witnesses will not be silenced despite the beast’s fury.

With the Antichrist’s defiance reaching its peak at the midpoint, God’s judgments intensify in the Second Half (Years 3½–7). The seventh seal that was opened introduced a new series: the Seven Trumpet Judgments (Revelation 8–9). These trumpet blasts herald even greater plagues upon the earth:

Trumpet	Judgment Description	Scripture
1st	Hail and fire mixed with blood – 1/3 of earth’s trees and all green grass burned up	Rev. 8:7
2nd	Fiery mountain thrown into sea – 1/3 of the sea becomes blood, 1/3 of sea creatures die, 1/3 of ships destroyed	Rev. 8:8–9
3rd	Great star (“Wormwood”) falls on rivers – 1/3 of fresh waters turn bitter; many die from the water	Rev. 8:10–11
4th	Striking of the heavens – 1/3 of the sun, moon, and stars darkened (diminishing light by a third)	Rev. 8:12
*5th* (1st Woe)	Demonic locust plague – demonic creatures from the abyss torment people without God’s seal for 5 months (pain like scorpion stings)	Rev. 9:1–11
*6th* (2nd Woe)	Demonic army – four bound angels released at Euphrates, leading an army of 200 million demonic horsemen that kill 1/3 of mankind with plagues of fire, smoke, and brimstone	Rev. 9:13–19
7th (3rd Woe)	Kingdom proclaimed – loud voices in heaven announce Christ’s coming reign; flashes of lightning, earthquake, and great hail; this 7th trumpet signals the final phase of wrath (the bowl judgments)	Rev. 11:15–19; 15:1

The trumpet judgments escalate the destruction: by the end of the 6th trumpet, another one-third of humanity is killed (on top of the quarter killed by the earlier seals). The environment is ravaged – seas, rivers, and skies struck – and demonic forces are openly afflicting people. Yet, incredibly, many earth-dwellers still refuse to repent of their idolatry, murders, sorceries, and sexual immorality (Rev. 9:20–21). The 7th trumpet (sounded at roughly the Tribulation’s latter part) essentially opens the way for the final bowl judgments, which complete God’s wrath.

The Great Tribulation (last 3½ years) sees the Antichrist’s tyrannical rule fully unleashed. He is now empowered by Satan (Rev. 13:2) and given authority over “every tribe, people, tongue, and nation” – all except the elect will worship him (Rev. 13:7–8). He will persecute the saints ferociously: “the beast was given power to make war with the saints and to overcome them” (Rev. 13:7). Countless believers are martyred for not worshiping the beast or taking his mark (Rev. 13:15, 20:4). Yet even as Satan tries to exterminate God’s people, God preserves a remnant. Many Jews, for example, are divinely protected in the wilderness for 1,260 days (Rev. 12:6, 12:14 – possibly in a place like Petra, Jordan, according to some interpretations). And as mentioned, multitudes of Gentiles will come to faith through the witness of the 144,000, the two witnesses (earlier), and angelic proclamation – demonstrating God’s grace even in wrath.

During this latter half, God pours out the final and most devastating plagues: the Seven Bowls of Wrath (Revelation 16). These are called “the seven last plagues, for in them the wrath of God is finished” (Rev. 15:1). They occur in rapid succession toward the very end of the Tribulation, bringing the world system to its knees:

Bowl 1: Painful sores afflict all people who bear the mark of the beast and worship his image (Rev. 16:2). (This targets the beast’s followers specifically, distinguishing them from God’s faithful).
Bowl 2: The entire sea turns to blood, and every living thing in the sea dies (Rev. 16:3). (Whereas the 2nd trumpet struck 1/3 of the sea, this bowl destroys all marine life – an ecological catastrophe).
Bowl 3: All rivers and springs turn to blood (Rev. 16:4–7). The angel of the waters declares God’s judgments are just – “they poured out the blood of saints and prophets, and You have given them blood to drink.”
Bowl 4: The sun scorches people with fierce heat (Rev. 16:8–9). Intense solar flares or heatwaves torch the planet, yet people blaspheme God rather than repent.
Bowl 5: A deep darkness falls upon the kingdom of the beast (Rev. 16:10–11). People gnaw their tongues in agony from pain and sores, still blaspheming God. (This localized darkness echoes the plague on Egypt in Exodus 10:21–23, and targets the beast’s throne).
Bowl 6: The Euphrates River dries up, preparing the way for the “kings from the east” to move westward (Rev. 16:12). Demonic spirits go out to the kings of the whole world, assembling them for war at Armageddon (Rev. 16:13–16). (God providentially clears the path for massive armies to gather in Israel for the final confrontation).
Bowl 7: “It is done.” A voice from the Temple in heaven declares the consummation of wrath. A cataclysmic global earthquake strikes, the worst in earth’s history – “such as there had not been since man came to be upon the earth” (Rev. 16:17–18). Cities of the nations collapse into rubble; every island flees away and mountains are leveled (Rev. 16:19–20). Huge hailstones, about 100 pounds each, bombard the planet (Rev. 16:21). This final stroke utterly devastates the infrastructure of human civilization. Babylon the Great – symbolic of the entire godless world system – “was remembered before God, to give her the cup of the wine of His fierce wrath” (Rev. 16:19). Earth’s rebels still blaspheme God amid the hail, but the stage is now set for Christ’s return in glory.

It is difficult to overstate how severe the seventh bowl judgment is. The wording suggests a complete geological upheaval – perhaps even a reshaping of the earth’s surface. Every proud work of man is shattered in an instant. Jesus said of this time: “Unless those days had been cut short, no life would have been saved; but for the sake of the elect those days will be cut short” (Matt. 24:22). Indeed, it appears God limits the final intense judgments to a brief span (the bowls seem to happen quickly at the very end) to prevent human extinction. By the end of the seventh bowl, “Babylon the great” has fallen and the powers of Gentile rule are effectively destroyed. What remains of the world’s armies now gathers in desperation for one last stand against God – setting the stage for the climactic Battle of Armageddon.

Before describing Armageddon and the Second Coming, it is worth noting the fate of “Babylon,” which Revelation 17–18 details and which was alluded to above. The term “Babylon” in Revelation symbolizes the satanic world system in two aspects: religious and commercial. The Religious Babylon (the harlot) was judged at the midpoint (Rev. 17:16), when Antichrist abolished that false religious system so that only he would be worshiped. The Commercial (Political) Babylon – representing the centralized power and economy of Antichrist’s empire, perhaps a specific capital city – is destroyed near the end by the direct wrath of God (as seen in the bowl judgments) . Revelation 18 describes the swift annihilation of “Babylon” in one day, even one hour (Rev. 18:8–10). The world’s merchants weep as the global economy collapses (Rev. 18:11–17). “Babylon will be thrown down with violence, and will not be found any longer” (Rev. 18:21). Dr. Arnold Fruchtenbaum notes that by the end of the Tribulation, “Babylon will suffer a sudden devastation,” fulfilling biblical prophecies of a future time when God will make a full end of all the nations – but not of Israel (Fruchtenbaum, 1990, p. 302) . In other words, every vestige of the ungodly Gentile world system will be eradicated, yet a remnant of Israel is preserved through the fire. With commercial Babylon judged, Antichrist’s political and economic power is broken – his “empire” lies in ruins. Yet the Antichrist and his allies will not surrender; instead, they prepare for war against the incoming King.

The Second Coming of Christ

As the Tribulation draws to a close, the Antichrist’s regime – though reeling from the plagues – gathers its forces for one last attempt to assert control and destroy God’s people. Demonic spirits are said to go out performing signs to entice “the kings of the whole world” to assemble for war against God at a place called Armageddon (Revelation 16:14–16). In their delusion, the nations rally under Satan’s leadership for a final battle. Various prophecies describe aspects of this Armageddon campaign, which is not a single battle but a series of military events around Israel:

Armies Gather: The armies of the Antichrist and his allies mass in Palestine. “They gathered them together to the place which in Hebrew is called Har-Magedon” (Rev. 16:16). This is the Valley of Megiddo (Jezreel Valley) in northern Israel – a strategic staging ground.
Invasion of Jerusalem: The Antichrist moves his forces to attack Jerusalem, possibly as part of suppressing revolts or confronting forces from the east and north (Dan. 11:40–45). Zechariah 14:1–2 indicates Jerusalem will be besieged and fall – “the city will be captured, the houses plundered, the women ravished, and half of the city exiled.” It appears the Jewish people become the target of annihilation (cf. Zech. 12:2–3, Ps. 83:4).
The Jews’ Refuge in Bozrah: Some scriptural hints (Isaiah 63:1–6, Micah 2:12) suggest a significant number of Jews flee to Bozrah in Edom (modern Petra in Jordan) and are sheltered there by God (this correlates with the woman fleeing into the wilderness for 3½ years in Rev. 12:6,14). As the nations’ armies rampage, these refugees await deliverance.
The Glorious Appearing: Suddenly, Jesus Christ returns from heaven in power and great glory (Matt. 24:27, 30). He comes not as a suffering servant, but as conquering King of kings, accompanied by the hosts of heaven. “Behold, heaven opened, and a white horse, and He who sat on it called Faithful and True… and the armies which are in heaven, clothed in fine linen, were following Him” (Rev. 19:11,14). This is the long-awaited Second Coming. Every eye will see Him (Rev. 1:7). Christ’s return is compared to lightning flashing across the sky – visible, glorious, and sudden (Matt. 24:27). Unlike His first coming in humility, His second advent will be undeniably triumphant – “on His robe and on His thigh He has a name written: KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS” (Rev. 19:16).
Victory at Bozrah (Edom): Some interpreters, noting Isaiah 34:5–6 and 63:1–6, believe Christ first arrives at Bozrah/Petra where the Jewish remnant has taken refuge. “Who is this who comes from Edom, with garments of glowing colors from Bozrah?” asks Isaiah 63:1. The answer: It is the Lord, coming in wrath, “treading the wine press” of God’s anger, blood splattering His garments (Isa. 63:2–4). This suggests Jesus might deliver the besieged remnant in Edom and judge those enemies first – His robes stained as if from trodding grapes (imagery used also in Rev. 19:13,15).
The Battle for Jerusalem: Christ then comes to the Mount of Olives outside Jerusalem. Zechariah 14:3–5 describes the Lord fighting the nations there: “Then the LORD will go forth and fight against those nations…” and His feet will stand on the Mount of Olives, which will split in two, providing an escape route. The surviving Jewish inhabitants of Jerusalem are rescued as the Lord engages the enemy. “The LORD will go forth and fight… On that day His feet will stand on the Mount of Olives” (Zech. 14:3–4). This dramatic topographical change (the mountain splitting) signals the divine Warrior’s arrival.
Megiddo and the End of Armies: The campaign then concludes with the destruction of the gathered armies in the north at Armageddon (Megiddo). Revelation 19:17–21 pictures an angel calling birds to gather for a “great supper of God” to eat the flesh of kings and soldiers – indicating a massacre of the anti-God forces. “The beast and the kings of the earth and their armies assembled to make war against Him who sat on the horse… And the beast was seized, and with him the false prophet…; these two were thrown alive into the lake of fire… and the rest were killed with the sword which came from the mouth of Him who sat on the horse” (Rev. 19:19–21). With merely a spoken word (“the breath of His mouth”), Christ obliterates the gathered militaries (cf. 2 Thess. 2:8). It is less a battle and more an execution of judgment by Almighty God. Blood flows “up to the horses’ bridles, for a distance of 1,600 stadia” (approximately 180 miles) (Rev. 14:20), perhaps hyperbolically emphasizing the massive slaughter across the land. This is the gruesome “supper” of Armageddon – a stark counterpoint to the Marriage Supper of the Lamb.

Thus, Psalm 2 and Psalm 82 find their fulfillment: The rebellious kings of the earth who gathered against the Lord are decisively crushed (Ps. 2:1–9), and the demonic “gods” of the nations are stripped of all authority and judged – “Arise, O God, judge the earth! For You will inherit all the nations” (Ps. 82:8). This climactic war is not merely geopolitical; it is cosmic. Christ’s victory at Armageddon marks the end of Gentile dominion and the demonic powers behind it. Dr. Michael Heiser notes that at Messiah’s return, the rebellious divine council members (the lesser gods who ruled the nations since Babel) are finally judged and removed, as Jesus inherits and takes back authority over all nations (Heiser, 2015, pp. 370–372). The Second Coming thus has profound spiritual ramifications: the eviction of satanic principalities and the re-establishment of Yahweh’s rule over the whole earth.

The Glorious Return and Aftermath

Every eye will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds with power and great glory (Matt. 24:30, Rev. 1:7). This advent will be accompanied by celestial signs: “the sun will be darkened, the moon will not give its light, and the stars will fall from the sky” (Matt. 24:29). Jesus likened it to lightning flashing from east to west (Matt. 24:27). It will be visible, literal, and earth-shattering. Christ comes not alone, but with “the armies of heaven” – likely including the Church (Rev. 19:14) and angelic hosts (Matt. 25:31). He comes as “KING OF KINGS” to rule the nations “with a rod of iron” (Rev. 19:15–16). The unbelievers who remain will be terrified: “all the tribes of the earth will mourn” (Matt. 24:30) as they realize the true King is here. The Jewish remnant, by contrast, will mourn in repentance, finally recognizing Jesus as their Messiah. “They will look on Me whom they have pierced; and they will mourn for Him as one mourns for an only son” (Zech. 12:10). This national repentance and faith was the goal of the Tribulation all along – “all Israel will be saved” at last (Rom. 11:26–27).

When Christ appears in glory, several dramatic events happen in short order:

Antichrist and False Prophet Destroyed: The beast (Antichrist) and his false prophet henchman are immediately seized and thrown alive into the Lake of Fire – becoming the first occupants of that eternal hell (Rev. 19:20). With their diabolical leaders gone, the satanic empire is decapitated in an instant.
Satan Imprisoned: An angelic warden binds Satan himself with a great chain and throws him into the Abyss(bottomless pit), which is then shut and sealed for 1,000 years (Rev. 20:1–3). This prevents the devil from deceiving the nations during the upcoming Millennial Kingdom. At long last, that ancient serpent is restrained – fulfilling the hope that the Kingdom age will not be afflicted by his influence. (He will be released for a brief final test at the very end of the millennium, as Revelation 20:3,7 foreshadows, but during the Kingdom he is out of action.)
Judgment of the Nations (Sheep & Goats): Christ will then sit on His glorious throne on earth and judge the survivors from all nations (Matthew 25:31–46). This judgment, often called the Sheep and Goats judgment, determines who among the living enters the Millennial Kingdom. Jesus separates people “as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats” (Matt. 25:32). The criterion mentioned is how they treated “these brothers of Mine”(often understood as Christ’s brethren, the Jewish people, or generally believers) during the Tribulation. This is not salvation-by-works, but rather the works (showing mercy to the persecuted) reveal who had faith in Christ. The “sheep” on His right hand are those (Gentiles) who came to faith – proven by their compassion toward God’s people. They are told, “Come, inherit the kingdom prepared for you.” The “goats” on His left are the unbelievers who hardheartedly aligned with the persecutors; they are banished: “Depart from Me… into the eternal fire” (Matt. 25:41). In this way, no unsaved person will enter Christ’s Kingdom at its inauguration. Only believers – the “sheep” from among the nations and the purified remnant of Israel – will populate the earthly kingdom (in natural bodies). All rebels are removed. A similar purging happens for Israel: Ezekiel 20:34–38 depicts God bringing Israel’s survivors under the rod and purging out the rebels. Thus, the population of the Millennial Kingdom will consist of (a) glorified saints (the Church and resurrected Old Testament and Tribulation believers) and (b) mortal believers who survived the Tribulation (Jewish and Gentile). The mortals will repopulate the earth, while the glorified co-reign with Christ.
Resurrection of Old Testament and Tribulation Saints: At Christ’s coming, the remaining righteous dead are raised to life in glorified bodies. Daniel 12:2 foretold that “many of those who sleep in the dust of the ground will awake… to everlasting life.” Isaiah 26:19 likewise says, “Your dead will live; their corpses will rise.” These verses apply to Old Testament believers. Meanwhile, Revelation 20:4 reveals that those who were martyred for their faith during the Tribulation (“beheaded because of their testimony for Jesus”) “came to life and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.” John calls this “the first resurrection” (Rev. 20:5–6) – the completion of the resurrection unto life. It includes all the righteous: Church saints (at the Rapture, before the Tribulation), then Old Testament saints and Tribulation martyrs (at the Second Coming). “All the righteous – church, Old Testament, and Tribulation martyrs – will now have glorified bodies to enjoy Christ’s Kingdom” (Fruchtenbaum, 1990, p. 304) . By contrast, “the rest of the dead” (i.e. all unbelievers of all time) will not be raised until after the 1,000 years, to face the Great White Throne judgment (Rev. 20:5, 11–15). Thus, no unrighteous dead are resurrected at Christ’s return – only the saved are raised to enter the Kingdom in glory. The “first resurrection” is now complete.
Restoration of Israel: With her Messiah present, “all Israel” now saved, and her enemies destroyed, the nation of Israel will be regathered and restored to her Land for the Kingdom. “He will send forth His angels with a great trumpet and they will gather together His elect from the four winds” (Matt. 24:31) – this likely speaks of the worldwide regathering of Jewish survivors back to Israel. The Lord will bring back the Israelites who were scattered and hiding. Many Old Testament promises point to this joyful regathering (e.g. Isa. 11:11–12, Ezek. 36:24). Israel will at last experience the fullness of the New Covenant blessing: “I will pour out on the house of David… the Spirit of grace and of supplication” (Zech. 12:10). Their “stubbornness” will be removed and their sins forgiven (Rom. 11:25–27). The 12 apostles are promised to reign over the twelve tribes (Matt. 19:28), so likely Jesus will assign them leadership roles as the nation is reconstituted under Christ’s rule . The Land of Israel, which has been ravaged by war and geophysical upheavals, will be healed – perhaps supernaturally renewed to be like the Garden of Eden (cf. Isa. 51:3, Ezek. 36:35). All of this fulfills God’s covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and David. Those who make it alive to the end (and “keep waiting” until the 1,335th day, per Daniel 12:12) are declared “blessed,” for they get to enter the inauguration of Christ’s Kingdom.

When these divine clean-up and transition events are done (many scholars infer a 75-day interval for this transition, based on Daniel 12:11–12) , the Millennial Kingdom of Christ will officially begin. Jesus will be physically present to rule as King over the earth, and the long-awaited era of peace and righteousness will dawn at last.

The Millennial Kingdom (Messianic Age of 1,000 Years)

Following His Second Coming, Jesus Christ will establish a literal kingdom on earth that lasts 1,000 years (Rev. 20:4–6). This period is often called the Millennium (Latin for “thousand years”) or the Messianic Kingdom. It is the glorious “age to come” when many Old Testament promises of worldwide peace and restoration will be fulfilled under the reign of the Messiah. The Millennial Kingdom is essentially the kingdom of God manifest on earth, with Christ and His saints administering righteous government over all nations. It represents a return to the conditions God intended – a sort of Edenic renewal of creation under the rule of the perfect King.

Participants in the Kingdom: The population of the Millennium will be composed of both glorified saints and mortal humans:

Glorified Saints (Resurrected Believers) – All believers who were given resurrection bodies (or transformed at the Rapture) prior to the Millennium will co-reign with Christ over the earth (Rev. 20:4, 2 Tim. 2:12). This includes: the Church (Church-age saints, the bride of Christ, who return with Him – Rev. 19:14), Old Testament saints (resurrected at Christ’s coming – Dan. 12:2), and Tribulation martyrs (resurrected at Christ’s coming – Rev. 20:4) . In glorified bodies, they will be incapable of death and free from sin, perfectly suited to assist Christ in ruling. These saints will likely be assigned various administrative roles – for example, reigning over cities or regions (Luke 19:17–19) and perhaps serving as judges or governors (1 Cor. 6:2–3). Revelation 20:6 says they will “be priests of God and of Christ and will reign with Him for a thousand years.” In essence, the glorified saints form the reconstituted divine council in God’s kingdom – humanity finally fulfilling its original role to reign under God’s authority . This fulfills God’s intention from the beginning that redeemed humans would share dominion over the earth as His image-bearers (Genesis 1:26–28). As Dr. Michael Heiser remarks, the divine council (God’s holy administration) will now include glorified believers, fully united with the heavenly sons of God in service to the King (Heiser, 2015, pp. 369–370).
Mortal Survivors – In addition to the glorified rulers, there will be ordinary mortals who enter the Kingdom. These are the people who lived through the Tribulation and were found faithful (the “sheep” among the nations and the believing Jewish remnant). They still have natural bodies and will marry, reproduce, and populate the earth during the 1,000 years. Isaiah 65:20 suggests longevity will be greatly increased (a person 100 years old will be considered a youth), but these mortals can still die (though death will be rare in the ideal conditions). Those who start the Kingdom as mortals are all believers at the outset (since the rebels were removed), but because they will have children, and those children will have children, etc., each generation will need to choose to follow Christ. By the end of the Millennium, some number of unsaved individuals will exist (as evidenced by the rebellion after 1,000 years, discussed below). However, outright evil will be suppressed swiftly under Christ’s reign – “He will rule them with a rod of iron” (Rev. 19:15).

Characteristics of the Millennial Reign: During this golden age, the earth will experience unparalleled blessing, peace, and justice. Key features of Christ’s Kingdom include:

Jesus Christ reigning as King from Jerusalem: The Lord will rule the entire world from David’s throne in Jerusalem, fulfilling the Davidic Covenant (Luke 1:32–33, Jeremiah 23:5). “The LORD will be King over all the earth” (Zech. 14:9). Nations will come up to Jerusalem to worship the King, and the law will go forth from Zion (Isaiah 2:2–3). At last, the government will be upon His shoulders (Isa. 9:6–7).
Fulfillment of Covenants to Israel: All God’s ancient covenants with Israel will find fulfillment in this Messianic age. The Abrahamic Covenant promised Israel a land, a nation, and blessing to all nations – in the Millennium, Israel will possess her full land and be the center of global blessing (Gen. 15:18–21, Micah 4:6–8). The Davidic Covenant promised a descendant of David on the throne forever – Jesus, son of David, will reign, and David himself (resurrected) may have a regency role (Jer. 30:9, Ezek. 37:24). The New Covenant (Jer. 31:31–34) promised Israel a new heart and the indwelling Spirit – in the Kingdom, Israel as a nation will be regenerated and know the Lord, enjoying unprecedented spiritual intimacy.
Peace and Prosperity: The curse on creation will be significantly lifted. Nature will be at peace: “The wolf will dwell with the lamb… the cow and the bear will graze, their young will lie down together” (Isa. 11:6–9). Even venomous creatures will not harm (Isa. 11:8). War will be abolished – nations “will beat their swords into plowshares” (Micah 4:3). There will be one King and no more national conflicts. With righteousness ruling, the world will enjoy economic prosperity and physical health. Lifespans will increase dramatically (Isa. 65:20–25). Joy will abound; “gladness and joy will be found… thanksgiving and sound of a melody” (Isa. 51:3).
Justice and Holiness: Because Christ and His saints administer the world with perfect justice, crime and oppression will cease. “He will not judge by what His eyes see… but with righteousness He will judge the poor, and decide with fairness for the afflicted” (Isa. 11:3–4). There will be swift punishment of any evildoers – sinners will be considered cursed and removed (Isa. 65:20). Thus, society will be firmly governed in holiness. Open idolatry or immorality will be immediately dealt with by King Jesus.
Temple Worship Restored: The Millennial Kingdom will include a new Temple in Jerusalem, as described in detail in Ezekiel chapters 40–48. This magnificent Temple will serve as the worship center of the world. Jesus the Messiah will be present, and memorial sacrifices and rites will be performed as visual reminders of His work (much as the Lord’s Supper is a memorial now) . The Levitical priesthood will be reinstated, specifically the sons of Zadok serving in the Temple (Ezek. 44:15–16). These sacrifices are commemorative, not for atonement (Christ’s sacrifice was once for all), but they look back at the cross in a ceremonial way, teaching people about the cost of sin and the grace of God (Ezek. 43:18–27). The annual feasts (such as Tabernacles) will likely be observed by all nations (Zechariah 14:16). The glory of God will fill the Millennial Temple (Ezek. 43:1–5), and the nations will worship the Lord there.
Satan Bound: Throughout the 1,000 years, Satan is absent, locked in the abyss (Rev. 20:1–3). Thus, there is no demonic deception of humanity during this entire era. Without the tempter, and with Christ’s righteous rule, overt evil will be minimal. This demonstrates that even with a perfect environment and no devil, the human heart in its natural state can still choose sin – as some will silently rebel, only to be kept in check until the final test. Overall, however, the Kingdom age will be a time of remarkable righteousness, as “the earth will be full of the knowledge of the LORD as the waters cover the sea” (Isa. 11:9).

In summary, the Millennial Kingdom will be the most utopian time in earth’s history since Eden. Christ will reign visibly. The curse’s effects will be rolled back, life will flourish, and God’s glory will be manifest. Importantly, it vindicates God’s promises to Israel and allows a scenario in which even after 1,000 years of ideal conditions under Christ, the depths of human depravity (in those with sin natures) will be exposed one last time – which leads to the final rebellion.

Final Rebellion and Judgment

At the end of the thousand years, one final event must occur before we transition to the eternal state. God will demonstrate His justice one last time in dealing with sin and Satan. Revelation 20:7–10 describes a final rebellion and its swift defeat:

Satan’s Release and Gog-Magog Revolt: “When the thousand years are completed, Satan will be released from his prison” (Rev. 20:7). God allows the devil out of the abyss for a short time. Astonishingly – despite 10 centuries of Christ’s benevolent rule – some number of people born during the Millennium (who outwardly conformed but never were born again) will be deceived by Satan. He will rally them for one last insurrection against the King. They will gather from the nations (symbolically termed “Gog and Magog,” hearkening to the earlier invasion in Ezekiel 38 which this mirrors in spirit) and surround “the camp of the saints” and Jerusalem, perhaps intending to dethrone Christ (Rev. 20:8–9). This is humanity’s final folly – a futile attempt to overthrow God’s rule, showing that even under perfect conditions, some hearts remained unregenerate without Satan to blame. The number of rebels will be as “the sand of the seashore” (Rev. 20:8), indicating that over generations, many descendants did not personally embrace Christ, even though they obeyed outwardly under His iron rule.

But the rebellion is quashed in an instant: “Fire came down from heaven and devoured them” (Rev. 20:9). God exterminates the rebels with consuming fire. Their leader, Satan, is then thrown into the Lake of Fire – “the devil who had deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and brimstone” (Rev. 20:10). There Satan joins the beast and false prophet (who were thrown in 1,000 years earlier and are still there, eternally tormented). Thus ends the devil’s dark career – he will never again threaten God’s people. Evil is thoroughly purged. The final test demonstrates God’s righteousness: even with every advantage, some humans chose Satan’s lie, vindicating God’s ultimate judgment of them.

Great White Throne Judgment: With the final rebellion crushed, history as we know it comes to a close. What remains is the judgment of all unsaved humanity from all ages. John sees a great white throne and Him who sits upon it – heaven and earth flee from His presence (Rev. 20:11). This is the Great White Throne Judgment. Christ the Judge (cf. John 5:22) summons the dead: “The sea gave up the dead… Death and Hades gave up the dead which were in them”(Rev. 20:13). This is the second resurrection, the resurrection of “the unjust” (Acts 24:15) – all the unbelieving dead are raised and stand before God. “Books were opened” (Rev. 20:12) – the records of every thought, word, and deed. Another book, the Book of Life, is opened to show their names are not written there. They are judged “according to their deeds”(Rev. 20:12–13). Since they did not receive Christ’s atonement, they must answer for their works, and “all have sinned”(Rom. 3:23). Not one of them is found righteous or in the Book of Life. Therefore, every one of them is condemned. “If anyone’s name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire” (Rev. 20:15). This solemn judgment demonstrates God’s perfect justice – degrees of punishment may vary based on deeds (Matt. 11:21–24), but the destination is the same for all who rejected God’s mercy: the Lake of Fire, a place of everlasting conscious punishment (Matt. 25:41,46; Rev. 14:11). This is the “second death” (Rev. 20:14) – eternal separation from God. Even Death and Hades (the temporary abode of the dead) are personified and thrown into the fire, meaning death itself is done away with (Rev. 20:14, 1 Cor. 15:26). Every last enemy – Satan, demons, death, and unrepentant sinners – is now removed from God’s kingdom. The holiness of God is fully vindicated.

At this point, the redemptive plan reaches its logical completion: the curse from Eden is reversed, the usurper (Satan) is banished, and all wickedness is judged. “Then comes the end, when [Christ] hands over the kingdom to the God and Father, when He has abolished all rule and all authority and power… The last enemy that will be abolished is death” (1 Cor. 15:24–26). Christ’s mission to defeat sin and Satan is accomplished. He has crushed the serpent’s head (Genesis 3:15) and reconciled all things. Now the stage is set for the eternal state, where God’s glorious presence will fill all in all. As Scripture says, from this point forward, “there will no longer be any curse” (Rev. 22:3).

The Eternal State (New Heavens and New Earth)

With the final judgments past, God unveils the ultimate destiny that He has prepared for His redeemed people. The present universe, which has been marred by sin, is going to be transformed into a New Heavens and New Earth fit for eternity. John writes: “Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth; for the first heaven and the first earth passed away”(Rev. 21:1). Whether God completely annihilates the current cosmos and creates ex nihilo or renovates it by fire into a renewed creation, Scripture is clear that “the first things” will be done away with and everything made new (Rev. 21:4–5). The very elements will be purged with intense heat – “the heavens will be destroyed by burning, and the elements will melt with intense heat” (2 Peter 3:7, 10–12). Out of this fiery purification comes a fresh creation where righteousness permanently dwells (2 Peter 3:13).

New Heavens and New Earth

The term “new heavens and new earth” (Isaiah 65:17, 66:22, Revelation 21:1) indicates a complete renewal of both the celestial realm (the heavens/universe) and the terrestrial realm (earth). The word for “new” (Greek kainos) means new in quality or nature – not merely new in time. It suggests a transformed order of existence. In this new creation, the effects of the curse and the Fall will be totally absent. “There is no longer any sea” in John’s observation (Rev. 21:1), which implies a significant change in earth’s environment (the sea often symbolized chaos and separation; its absence may indicate a world wholly conducive to life and unity). There will certainly be no more death or mourning or pain, for “the first things have passed away” (Rev. 21:4). The very laws of physics and biology could be different, suited for immortals. Romans 8:21 says creation itself will be set free from corruption into the freedom of the glory of God’s children. One could think of the new creation as “Eden restored and amplified” – the curse (imposed in Genesis 3) is lifted entirely (Rev. 22:3). Whereas the old world was characterized by entropy, decay, and sorrow, the new world will be characterized by incorruptible life, beauty, and joy. It is, in effect, heaven and earth merged into one – God’s space and human space fully integrated with no sin barrier.

New Jerusalem – The Eternal Holy City

John’s attention is especially drawn to a remarkable feature of the new creation: “the holy city, New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, made ready as a bride adorned for her husband” (Rev. 21:2). The New Jerusalem is the capital city of eternity, the glorious dwelling place of the redeemed. John later is shown a detailed vision of this city (Rev. 21:9–27). It is described as having the radiance of a jewel, shining with the glory of God. Its enormous dimensions are given – 12,000 stadia (approximately 1,400–1,500 miles) in length, width, and height (Rev. 21:16). The city is laid out as a perfect cube (or possibly a pyramid) – interestingly, the cube shape recalls the Holy of Holies in the Temple (1 Kings 6:20), suggesting the whole city is like a Holy of Holies where God dwells. The New Jerusalem’s foundations are adorned with twelve precious stones, its gates (twelve of them) are twelve giant pearls, and its streets are pure gold like transparent glass (Rev. 21:18–21). The Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are said to be its temple – i.e., no temple building is needed, because God’s presence permeates everything (Rev. 21:22). The city needs no sun or moon, “for the glory of God has illumined it, and its lamp is the Lamb” (Rev. 21:23). This breathtaking city descends “out of heaven” to the new earth, indicating it is of divine origin. Some view it as a literal colossal city that either rests on the new earth or perhaps hovers in the new heavens connected to earth. Others also see symbolic meaning: the city is called “the bride, the wife of the Lamb” (Rev. 21:9–10), which underscores that it is both a place and a people – it represents the community of the redeemed in intimate relationship with God. Likely, it is a real city where the resurrected saints will live, and its name “New Jerusalem” highlights continuity with God’s historical work (Jerusalem was God’s city on the old earth, now perfected in the new). Throughout eternity, this city will be the center of life and worship.

Notably, the dimensions (length, breadth, height equal) and the materials convey splendor and purity. The immense size suggests room for billions of people. The fact that it comes down from heaven indicates that heaven (God’s dwelling) is now merged with earth – God will literally dwell among His people in this city (Rev. 21:3). The New Jerusalem is thus the fulfillment of all God’s covenant promises of a “dwelling place” with His people – the ultimate Immanuel, “God with us.” It is also the fulfillment of Jesus’s promise, “I go to prepare a place for you” (John 14:2–3) – this city is that prepared place for His bride.

God’s Dwelling with Man

The centerpiece of eternity is the unhindered fellowship between God and His people. Revelation 21:3 announces this with a loud voice: “Behold, the tabernacle of God is among men, and He will dwell among them, and they shall be His people, and God Himself will be among them.” This fulfills the ultimate divine promise repeated throughout Scripture: “I will be their God and they will be My people” (cf. Ezek. 37:27, 2 Cor. 6:16). In the eternal order, this promise is realized in its fullest, most intimate sense. No longer will God be unseen or distant. The immediate presence of God will be the light and life of the eternal state. “They will see His face” (Rev. 22:4) – an astounding statement, since no mortal could see God’s face and live (Ex. 33:20). But now, in glorified immortality and total holiness, the redeemed are able to gaze upon God’s face in loving communion. Indeed, “we shall see Him as He is” (1 John 3:2). The barrier of sin is gone, the need for faith (in the unseen) is replaced by sight. God Almighty and the Lamb (Christ) will be the focus of all worship and activity. There is no temple building because God Himself is the temple – His presence fills everything. Revelation 21:24–26 depicts the nations walking by God’s light and bringing their glory into the city – likely meaning the cultural riches and honor of the nations are offered up in worship, and there is rich fellowship (the diversity of the nations is not erased but harmonized in worship of the one true God).

Dr. J. Dwight Pentecost emphasizes that in the eternal state, our attention will not be on our own status or even on the splendors of the environment, but on God Himself: “Our occupation in the eternal state will not be with our position or glory but with God Himself… ‘The Lamb is all the glory of Immanuel’s land’” (Pentecost, 1958, p. 577). The redeemed will be enthralled by God. The old hymn says, “The Lamb is all the glory in Emmanuel’s land.” In other words, the greatest joy of heaven is God’s presence. We will worship and adore Him without hindrance forever. The communion that was lost in Eden, and tasted only partially through the ages (in tabernacle/temple worship or the indwelling Spirit), will now be experienced fully, face-to-face. As Revelation 22:3–5 describes, His bond-servants will serve Him, see His face, and His name will be on their foreheads (marking them as His). There will be eternal day – “the Lord God will illumine them” – and we will reign with Him forever, but the reigning is less about authority and more about sharing in the active, purposeful life of God’s family.

Life in the Eternal State

While we are given only glimpses of the activities and conditions of eternity, the final chapters of Revelation (and related scriptures) make several truths clear about eternal life for the redeemed:

It is a life of perfect joy, love, and fulfillment in God’s presence. “He will wipe away every tear from their eyes; there will no longer be any death; no longer any mourning, crying, or pain” (Rev. 21:4). All the sorrows of the old world will be forgotten or transformed. No death ever again – immortality is absolute. No grief or regrets – every tear dried by God’s own hand in comfort. This speaks of complete emotional fulfillment and healing. Psalm 16:11 says “In Your presence is fullness of joy; in Your right hand there are pleasures forever.” That becomes an unending reality.
It is a life of meaningful service and reign. Revelation 22:3 says “His bond-servants will serve Him”. Work and purpose did not cease in Eden before the Fall (Adam tended the garden), and likewise in eternity the redeemed will have fulfilling service to perform – not burdensome, but joyful creative endeavors in partnership with God. “They will reign forever and ever” (Rev. 22:5) – implying we share in Christ’s kingly authority over whatever domains God creates in the eternal ages (perhaps exploring and governing the vast new heavens?). Far from an eternal boredom, it will be an eternity of ever-unfolding adventure, discovery, and creative expressions of worship, all under the perfect guidance of God. The Bible’s silence on details leaves much to holy imagination – but given God’s infinite nature, eternity will never exhaust the wonders He can share with us.
It is a life of intimate fellowship. As noted, seeing His face and having His name on us denotes closeness and belonging (Rev. 22:4). We will likely know God continually more and more (for an infinite God can be increasingly revealed to finite minds endlessly). We will also enjoy fellowship with one another as God’s family – Matthew 8:11 speaks of reclining at the table with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom. In eternity, the redeemed of all ages (from every tribe and tongue) will have perfect unity and love for one another as we together love God (Rev. 7:9–10). The communion of saints will be a sweet aspect of eternal life – imagine conversing with believers across history, learning and growing together in the knowledge of God.
It is forever free from sin and any threat of loss. “Nothing unclean, and no one who practices abomination or lying, shall ever come into [the New Jerusalem]” (Rev. 21:27). The population of eternity is only “those whose names are written in the Lamb’s book of life.” There will be no temptation and no possibility of another fall – the destiny is secure. The moral transformation (glorification) of the saints is such that they will never desire or commit sin (Rev. 22:11 describes that in eternity the righteous remain righteous still). Thus, the holiness of the environment is guaranteed by God’s own promise.
It is unending. “Forever and ever” is the language used (Rev. 22:5). We are dealing with eternity, which boggles the mind. But this ensures that every promise is not temporary. “We shall always be with the Lord” (1 Thess. 4:17).

To use human terms, eternity is the happily ever after for God’s people – except it’s not just a fairy tale ending, it’s a real never-ending life of communion with God. The storyline of the Bible – creation, fall, redemption, restoration – concludes with God and redeemed humanity dwelling together in a renewed creation. There is continuity (we will still be recognizable individuals, we’ll live on an “earth,” there’s city, nations, etc.) yet radical newness (no curse, no sea, glorified bodies, direct presence of God). It’s like the fulfillment of every longing – “They shall hunger no more, neither thirst anymore” (Rev. 7:16) – because God fully satisfies us.

The last chapters of Revelation show Eden restored: The Tree of Life reappears, growing on either side of a river of life, bearing fruit monthly, and its leaves provide healing (Rev. 22:1–2). This signals abundant life and continual blessing to the nations – eternal sustenance from God. The curse is gone (Rev. 22:3). “The throne of God and of the Lamb will be in it” (Rev. 22:3) – God’s throne, once in heaven, is now with humanity. Heaven and earth are one. Humanity, fully redeemed, once again has access to the Tree of Life (from which Adam was barred after he sinned). It’s a full circle: paradise lost becomes paradise regained, but even greater – because now there is no possibility of another fall, and the inhabitants are a confirmed people who chose God freely and are sealed in righteousness.

As the Apostle Paul wrote, “then comes the end, when [Christ] hands over the kingdom to God the Father… so that God may be all in all” (1 Cor. 15:24,28). In the eternal state, the triune God is all in all – meaning His presence and glory permeate every aspect of existence, and His sovereign goodness is the source of all life and joy. Our eternal occupation will be to worship, serve, and enjoy God endlessly.

In closing, biblical prophecy is not given merely to satisfy curiosity about the future. It is meant to encourage holy living and perseverance. As 2 Peter 1:19 says, we would do well to pay attention to the prophetic word “as to a lamp shining in a dark place.” Knowing the end of the story gives believers strength in present trials. “Everyone who has this hope fixed on Him purifies himself, just as He is pure” (1 John 3:3). We are motivated to live righteously and to share the gospel, realizing what is at stake for the lost. We also find comfort: no matter how dark the world gets, we know God’s plan will prevail. Jesus will return, justice will be done, and for those who belong to Christ, the future is unimaginably glorious.

As Dr. John MacArthur expressed, the end of this age is “the beginning of a new, glorious one” for believers (MacArthur, 2007, p. 7) . Our eternal hope truly is tied to the end of this world – because we look for “a new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells” (2 Peter 3:13). With that hope in heart, the Church for centuries has prayed, “Maranatha!” – “Come, Lord Jesus!” (Rev. 22:20). And He surely will. The grace of the Lord Jesus be with us until that Day and forever.

References

Fruchtenbaum, A. G. (1990). Footsteps of the Messiah: A Study of the Sequence of Prophetic Events. Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries. (See p. 302 for commentary on Babylon’s fall)

Hitchcock, M. (2011). An Overview of Pretribulational Arguments. Pre-Trib Research Center. [PDF]. (Quote on imminence “Jesus may come today” on p. 29)

Hitchcock, M. (2012). The End: A Complete Overview of Bible Prophecy and the End of Days. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House. (See p. 145 on differences between Rapture and Second Coming)

Larkin, C. (1918). Dispensational Truth, or God’s Plan and Purpose in the Ages. Glenside, PA: [Author]. (Contains charts on the seven church ages and prophetic chronology)

MacArthur, J. F. (2006). The Second Coming: Signs of Christ’s Return and the End of the Age. Wheaton, IL: Crossway.

MacArthur, J. F. (2007). Because the Time is Near: John MacArthur Explains the Book of Revelation. Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers. (Introduction, p. 7, on the end of the age being a new beginning)

Pentecost, J. D. (1958). Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. (See pp. 236–237 for purposes of the Tribulation; p. 577 for focus of eternal state)

Rhodes, R. (2012). The End Times in Chronological Order: A Complete Overview to Understanding Bible Prophecy. Eugene, OR: Harvest House. (Discusses church age and Laodicean apostasy, pp. 180–182)

Walvoord, J. F. (1990). The Prophecy Knowledge Handbook: All the Prophecies of Scripture Explained in One Volume. Wheaton, IL: Victor Books.

Walvoord, J. F. (n.d.). “Premillennialism and the Tribulation.” Bibliotheca Sacra article, Dallas Theological Seminary / Walvoord.com. (Contains the quote: “The only way one could be kept from that day of wrath would be to be delivered beforehand.”)

Pre-Trib Research Center. (n.d.). Articles and Position Papers. Retrieved from http://www.pre-trib.org (Repository of pretribulational rapture research articles).

Heiser, M. S. (2015). The Unseen Realm: Recovering the Supernatural Worldview of the Bible. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press. (Insight on divine council, Deut. 32 worldview of Babel, and reconstitution of God’s council with glorified saints in the Kingdom, see pp. 113–119, 369–372).

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